Shape of the Universe(Note 3)

Steady matter creation also suggests a solution for Flatness Problem.Note 2 What does flatness problem mean? If the density of our universe is greater than the critical density, in another word, If the gravitational force created by density of matter in the universe is greater than the expansion force, our universe is ‘closed,’ It means our universe will eventually stop expanding and start contracting. If the density of the universe is equal to the critical density, then we live in a 'flat' universe. Lastly, if the density of the mater in the universe is less than the critical density, then the universe is 'open.' In an open universe, the expansion continues forever. Currently, the best-known value for the critical density is about 1*10^-29 grams per cubic centimeter. Recent measurements indicate that the actual density of our universe is very close to the critical density. Although, matter density of the universe is so close to unstable critical value between perpetual expansion and re-collapse into a big crunch, most recent researches suggest that the rate of expansion is increasing (1998 Perlmutter et al).

 

Steady Matter Creation

The proposed steady matter creation is needed to compensate for the ever-increasing expansion of the universe. It is needed to keep the actual density of the matter in the universe close to critical density. To accept the steady matter creation we do not have to deny Big Bang model. Matter creation in the Big Bang moment and matter creation in vacuum can follow the same principle. Except that they are working in two different scales, big and small.

New stars are formed through the nebula activity in different parts of the Universe. Old star's dust is the building blocks for new star formation. Is there a chance that newly formed matter is also contributing to star formation or dark matter lenses? Note 3

 

Notes

1) In electromagnetic theory, the continuity equation is derived from two of Maxwell's equations. It states that the divergence of the current density is equal to the negative rate of change of the charge density.

2) Check the Flatness Problem chapter.

3) Visible matter is a small portion of the matter present in the universe. In our Galaxy, the Milky Way, just about 10 percent of the matter is visible.  It is suggested that the remaining 90 percent are dark matter which do not radiate so they are not visible.

Visible and dark matter creates only 30 percent of the critical density. The other seventy percent is believed to be in the form of dark energy.

 

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