“We must try to understand the beginning of the universe on the basis of science. It may be a task beyond our power, but we should at least make the attempt”

Steven Hawking

So far, the efforts of the scientific community have been confined to reveal the secrets of our material world. We have progressed so far. At the dawn of the 21st century, every day a new and amazing discovery is brought forward. Each discovery though, presents to us even more puzzles and questions. In physics, the dilemma between Einstein’s General Relativity and quantum mechanics (the mechanics of subatomic particles) has attracted much of the effort and research of theoretical physicists throughout the world. Through their endless efforts, the picture of our world is becoming more and more interesting. In this spirit, I would like to submit the following concepts for enthusiasts to review and examine. If it proves to be based on sound principles it can shed light onto many unsolved mysteries, which are facing us today. If it does not, we could nevertheless consider it as food for thought.
In this book, I am introducing a model in which an assumed version of singularity acts like a medium. By contemporary physics definition, singularity is the zero size ultra dense point, which according to the Big Bang Theory, is the origin of our universe. In this model, I will assume that a burst of energy from a singularity created the Big Bang. However, the singularity itself remains active and plays a major role in the course of action and evolution of the cosmos.  The singularity acts like a medium, it holds, and connects the space-time universe components. In this contest, while objective and tangible properties of elements are manifested in spacetime the proposed singularity accommodates subjective qualities of said elements.
The idea of introducing a fabric for wholeness of the world is nothing new. The scientific findings provide numerous evidences, which support common sense, and every day experience that the world is an interconnected system. Many attempts to prove the wholeness has been tried which was not completely successful and could not get broad scientific approval. Even The great twentieth century physicist David Bohm tried to present his “Implicate Order” as a model, but unfortunately, he could not finish his Unbroken Wholeness Theory before he died. He believed that “at some deeper level of reality such particles (subatomic particles) are not individual entities, but are actually extension of the same fundamental something.”⁵⁸  
This is another attempt to present a model for the wholeness of the world. This model is based on redefining the singularity and using it as the background for space-time universe.

Revisiting Singularity

 

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       Singularity was brought to our attention after Albert Einstein presented his Field Equations on November 18th, 1915. But Einstein himself was trying to deny it for the rest of his life. In 1939, he tried to show that “Schwarchild singularities do not exist in physical reality.”⁴ 
Then singularity was taken as the nucleus for the initial explosion in the Big Bang Theory. The Theory of Big Bang suggests that the universe started with a huge and rapid expansion of a singular zero size condensed point about fourteen billion years ago. However, encounters of cosmology with singularity do not stop there. By definition, singularity also exists at the center of each black hole. Black holes are spots in space where gravity is enormous. It will swallow any object, which comes close to it. Even space and time will be curved and sucked in by this strange phenomenon. Supposedly, there is a black hole at the center of each galaxy. Since billions of black holes are predicted to exist in the universe, according to our present knowledge, encounter with singularity is much more than just the single big bang moment.

 

 

Black hole with a singularity at its center

In addition, while working with space-time theories this singular point frequently is encountered and we do not have any interpretation for it.
In traditional physics, singularity has been labeled as a ‘catastrophe’, a problem, a non-real something or simply ‘non-physical’. However singularity clearly presents itself in every astrophysical theory, as well as quantum mechanics, and all mathematical equations related to these theories.
As mentioned before, several attempts have been made to bypass singularities. Theories such as Super Symmetry, Super Gravity, Super String etc. were primarily developed to remove singularities and infinities from matter and fields. Theoretical physicists have been trying to ignore it for almost a century;
Brian Greene, one of the main advocates of the Super String theory, declares that while developing the theory,
“We knew that there were significant aspects that we would need to work out before we could establish that our second half of the story did not introduce any singularities- that is pernicious and physically unacceptable consequences.”¹
But others such as John Earman see it otherwise:

“(This book is) written in the faith that, if adequately revealed, the problem of space-time singularities will not remain the orphan of the philosophy of science and that if adopted as a rightful child, it will enrich not only the philosophy of space and time, but other members of the family as well.”⁴

To present an alternative view for singularity, I would like to refer to Einstein’s remarks as the gateway for this new definition:
“If we imagine the gravitational field… to be removed, there does not remain a space of type (1) (Minkowski space-time), but absolutely nothing, and also no ‘topological space.” (Einstein 1961)
John Earman argues:

“Einstein is surely right that, whatever the technical details of the definition of space-time singularities, it should follow that physical laws, in so far as they presuppose space and time, are violated or, perhaps more accurately, do not make sense at singularities. This is a good reason for holding that singularities are not part of space time.”⁴

According to the above, we should forget about space-time as an adjective for singularity, rather we have to consider singularity as a separate entity. Assmption C7 in the previous chapter also proclaims that zero is a separate domain. From here on in, I also intend to refer to it, as a singular noun, rather than plural. So we call it singularity instead of the space-time singularities.
In his recent book, The Road to Reality, Roger Penrose writes:
 

“Unacceptable singularities in a classical theory do not necessarily tell us that such blemishes will persist in the appropriate quantum version of that theory.”⁵⁶

He then bring the electron as an example where in classical theory it has to spiral into the nucleolus and create catastrophic instability for the ordinary classical atom, whereas quantum mechanics provide solutions for a quantum mechanical atom to stay stable which is in line with observations.

Space-time universe started and evolved from a zero size point called singularity
 

In this text, I will propose an alternative physics where the singularity is not part of space-time. With this assumption we expose ourselves to a new definition for reality. If we  retain the singularity to be a separate entity and out of our space-time universe, then it brings two major questions up.
At first glance, one can ask, if our physical knowledge is derived from laws of space-time, how can we define and explain an entity which is out of this physical universe? With this belief, singularity looks abstract. Steven Weinberg, one of the great physicists of this century, questions:
“How can we get the ideas we need to formulate a truly fundamental theory, when this theory is meant to describe a realm where all intuitions derived from life in space-time become inapplicable?”⁴⁹
On the contrary, this model advocates that life and everything else in space-time is influenced and intermingled with that realm. If such a realm is present we should easily find the signs and evidences to describe it. So I assert that our intuitions are applicable and helpful to investigate singularity. Singularity may not be incomprehensible after all.
In addition, we are also facing the quantum behavior that is far from our comprehension with the conventional logic and knowledge. At this time nature and the origin of mind are also obscure. Does it mean That they are ignorable? Does it mean that we should abandon the search for understanding these concepts?

Secondly, one may question that, anything out of the boundaries of our universe is so remote that it cannot have anything to do with our lives or our universe. Why should we bother spending time on it at all?
Assertion C4 in the complex number chapter assumes that point zero exists in every spot of the domain. At least in one theory (Loop Quantum Theory) the boundaries of the universe are believed to exist in every minuscule of space. The theory states that space is not a continuum; rather it has a discrete and fabric-like texture.
Assertion C5 also points to the discreteness of space and time and any other computable.
According to above we may be exposed to out of space in every miniscule of space-time. In this paper, I hope, I can show that the singularity is also involved in every basic function in space-time. So Singularity may not be as remote and irrelevant as one may assume.
As mentioned above physicists avoid the concept of a being out of the space-time universe, because it is considered incomprehensible and out of reach. I believe if we look closer, we come to realize that some characteristics of singularity are within our grasp.

Cartesian coordinate system
In mathematics, the Cartesian coordinate system is widely used to determine the position of points on a plane. In physics, the system is used to measure values of different physical parameters.

Courtesy of Nahid Sahel Gozin

As mentioned before, in this system zero is positioned in the middle of x coordinate. But at zero point, the magnitude of any quantity that coordinate x may represent in the actual world is zero. Therefore, point zero does not contain or represent x.  Zero is also positioned in the center of any other coordinate which may represent other values in space –time. Therefore, we may conclude that, although zero is positioned at the center of any computable in space-time, it does not posses those identities. This is the basis for our assumption that singularity, which is represented by zero in my model, is a separate entity.
Assumption S1: Singularity is a separate entity.

To further define singularity, let us discuss the different properties, which we can or cannot relate to it. Specifically, I am going to mention six fundamental elements of our universe, whose presence in the singularity can be explored.

 

Matteratter 

Matter production and the evolution of it after Big Bang

The building block of matter is what we call “thing”. By definition the “thing“ has zero size and is mass-less. The “thing” acquires mass by traveling through space. The concept is explored further in (Mass & gravity chapter).
The confusion begins when we refer to singularity as an ultra dense mass. Mass is a property which the “thing” obtains inside the space-time universe.
The most popular scenario of Big bang theory “the Guth’s inflationary theory” just talks about rapid expansion of space-time and burst of energy. The inflationary theory implies that basic matter particles first appeared after universe expanded, and cooled down a bit. The common particles including, neutrinos, electrons and quarks appeared after the burst. The estimated particles produced at the time is 10⁸⁰.

Is there a period of time before initial rapid expansion of the universe? Not much work has been done on before inflationary era and we are not sure if there has been such an era at all.
According to most popular theories, mass appears while the “thing” travels in space. If we define singularity as the origin of our universe – but out of our space-time structure – we have to take it as a no-mass entity.
We can show the fact by using the effect of speed on the mass of an object :

m = m₀/√ (1-v ²/c ²) (Fitzgerald-Lorentz equation)

Here m₀ is the rest mass-when the object is stationary-, m is the mass of the object in motion, v is its speed and c is the speed of light. The effect of speed on the notion of time is obtained from Lorentz transformation as well (time dilation),

t= t ₀ /√ (1-v ²/c ²)

where t represents time. If we take m as mass of particles inside space-time after the Big Bang (the time that space started and motion could be possible) and m₀ as mass that was present at the beginning of time (t₀), we come to the following conclusion:⁴⁰

m / m₀= t / t₀
m₀ = m t₀ / t
m₀ = 0 / t = 0

Therefore, w can conclude that at time zero (time of the Big Bang) mass had to be zero. Or, we may say that singularity had to be mass-less. We may further conclude that where there is no time (beyond Planck time - smallest amount of time possible), mass does not exist. (1)
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(1) According to Einstein’s Special Relativity, mass contraction and time dilation is noticed by the observer who looks at moving objects with relativistic speeds (speeds comparable to speed of light). An observer who is moving with the same object does not detect the transformations. The rule of the observer will be discussed later.
In the contrary, if we take the singularity as a compressed matter_ with the current definition of matter-, then gravity from such an immense mass would stop the inflation and creation of the universe. Paul Davies argues that in a state of maximum compression of matter, we need “some sort of outward force to overcome the enormous gravity, otherwise gravity would win, and the material would be still more compressed.”⁷

He then concludes that under conditions of extreme compression such as what occurred during the Big Bang, there is no force in the universe capable of beating off the crushing power of gravity.  Elsewhere, John Earman suggests: “Perhaps. In entailing singular behavior General Theory of Relativity is committed to empirically false predictions”⁴
According to the Big Bang Theory, The simplest form of matter (quarks) first appeared after cosmic inflation. The vacuum energy transformed itself into particles and anti-particles of matter in equal number. There is not clear evidence that at the beginning of time mass has been present. With the ultra-dense mass model, we have to assume that the matter turned to pure energy before the reformation of mass particles. We can as well assume that universe started with a burst of energy and creation and expansion of space. With this assumption, starting point does not have to contain matter.
In such a scenario, we will not have positive gravity force and for singularity. If we remove mass from singularity, it becomes benign.
Furthermore, Assertion C3 in the previous chapter implies that any measurable dissolves as it approaches point zero. We have assumed that zero is representing singularity. Therefore, we may further conclude that the real value of matter has to disappear at singularity.
Assumption S2; Singularity does not contain matter (with common definition of matter).

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        What is space? We know that it is a fundamental element of the universe. It gives us the sense of locality. We also can sense that it has three dimensions where objects can move within them.
The Special Theory of Relativity assumes space and time as real entities that are the background and benchmark of the universe. However, according to the special Relativiy, these entities are not rigid or inert. Space and time are bendable and play a very active rule in the universe.
Einstein mentions that singularity cannot contain topological space. It means there is no spatial dimension in singularity. In other words, singularity is a mathematical point. Steven Hawking, George Ellis, and Roger Penrose the British astrophysicists and mathematician worked on the Theory of Relativity and its implications regarding the notion of time.

“In 1968 and 1970, they published papers in which they extended Einstein's Theory of General Relativity to include measurements of time and space. According to their calculations, time and space had a finite beginning that corresponded to the origin of matter and energy. The singularity didn't appear in space; rather, space began inside of the singularity.”⁵⁹

According to the Big Bang Theory, space started at time 0 and has been expanding ever since. Inside the inescapable zone of black holes (event horizon) space gets twisted and disappears. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle   (to be discussed in Quantum Mechanic Chapter) suggests that, in the small scale, location is blurred. Therefore, in ultra small scales, the notion of space disintegrates. We will discuss this in further detail later.
The following arguments support the assertion that space did not exist in singularity. If we deny that mass was the origin of universe we have to consider its energy equivalent as the initiator. The equation for the enormous energy which built our space-time universe can be written as:

y (E) =E max e ^i(kr^^n-wt) = E max e ^i(knr-wt)

Where y (E) is energy function, i is imaginary number, k is wave number, nr is number of dimensions, w is angular velocity and t is time.

y (E) =E max e ^{i knr}e ^-iwt

In singularity

t = 0, then e ^-iwt = e ⁰ =1 . Therefore,  y  (E) =E max e^{i knr}

If we take energy as maximum in singularity, then y (E) =E max therefore e ^{i knr} = 1
If i krn = 0 we may conclude that n = 0 which means there are no dimension in singularity. Consequently, we can claim that the singularity does not contain space.⁴⁰
Furthermore, Assertion C3 in complex numbers implies that space as a measurable cannot exist in singularity. Also, in the Super Symmetry Model, the size of super-space dimensions which points to the entity beyond familiar space is zero.
Assumption S3: Space is not a property of singularity.

Bell's theorem⁽¹⁾defies the notion of locality for the subatomic particles. Subatomic particles have this mysterious instant connection with each other even if they are worlds apart in space-time scope. The entanglement of particles point to a realm where locality doesn't exists and therefore immediate connection can happen.

3) Time 
The notion of time is a mystery. While space is clearly a part of objective reality, time is somewhat obscure. A clock actually measures how a sequence of events happens in space. That is how we measure time. Days are produced by rotation of our planet around its axis. Seasons are brought about by different angulations of earth axis while orbiting around the sun. Is time sequence of events in space?
Besides, everyday experiences fool us to believe that time has an arrow that extends from the past to the future and it is the same for all observers. Both of these notions are debatable.⁶¹ Symmetric nature of all physical laws indicates that time also should be reversible and go from future to past. In 1978 John A. Miller in a thought experiment known as delayed-choice experiment suggested that time is a two way street. His thought experiment was later on verified by actual experiments in university of Maryland and Munich.

On the other hand, we know from Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity that space and time are not concrete, rather, they are flexible. The passage of time is different for objects with different speed (Twin Paradox).
By definition time as we know it started about fourteen billion years ago as big bang arised from the singularity.  About the notion of time and singularity, John Earman writes;

“As Einstein said, physical laws break down at space-time singularities, and for the Big Bang and big crunch they break down so strongly that it is physically meaningless to talk about before and after”⁴⁰

According to the Big Bang Theory, the notion of time does not exist in singularity. Time is a property of space-time universe. In the energy-time version of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle  (to be discussed later), time gets blurry in the small scale.
And last but not least, the assertion C3 in the previous chapter also indicates that time as a computable element cannot exist in singularity.
Assumption S4: Singularity is not time-bound.
So far, we have discussed elements that cannot exist in singularity and therefore represent the notion of zero in singularity. What are the elements that can exists in this domain? Next, I will mention a few.

4) Energy 
Energy by definition is the potential for creating change in objects or fields. There are different forms of energy such as kinetic, thermal, chemical, etc…..
If we deny that the ultra dense matter was the origin of our universe then we have to substitute it with another source. The Inflationary Theory suggests that our universe started with a tremendous burst of energy. This initiated the primary rapid inflation. Therefore, singularity should have contained energy. The followings support the assumption that singularity contains energy.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (quantum mechanic chapter) can be extended to the energy of a particle in an ultra short time-span. The Heisenberg equation is written as:

D E * DT ≥ h/2pi
Where h is (Planck Constant), DE is the uncertainty in energy and DT is the uncertainty in time.
If the product of DTDE is minimal, then we can write,
DE = h/2 pi DT
If DT approaches zero then, DE = h/0 = ∞

DT approaching 0 means the time span has shrunk to zero. In this scale, the energy span can approach up to infinity. This suggests that the energy itself at the vicinity of the time zero can reach up to infinity.

Singularity inside a Black Hole Black Hole
A black hole is a region of space where gravity is so powerful that drags everything inside and nothing can escape it. Once an object gets closer and passes a boundary, called event horizon, there is no return for it. The matter disappears and its equivalent energy is dumped into the singularity.
“A black hole singularity can be appreciated both as the ultimate garbage dump, able to take care of any waste disposal problem without the need to recycle, and as a source of extractable energy” (Wald 1984a, p. 324-330). Even if the energy is radiated back to space-time in x-ray form, as new ideas speculate, it still is an indication of energy presence in singularity.
We may also use Hawking's formula (introduced by the great British physicist Stephen Hawking) for the black hole's temperature as another indication of presence of infinite energy in the singularity:

T= hc3/8pkGM
Where h stands for Planck constant, c for speed of light, K for Boltzmann's constant, G for Newton's gravitational constant and M stands for mass.

In the above formula, if mass (M) is zero, the temperature would amount to infinity. Of course, here with lack of matter, temperature relates to internal energy of the system or energy of singularity in this view.

Energy Fields
Stephen Hawking says:
“The uncertainty principle of quantum theory means that fields are always fluctuating up and down even in apparently empty space, and have an energy density that is infinite.” ⁶
One of the assumptions of this model is that space is embedded inside the singularity. Therefore, the fabric of space is in close proximity of the singularity. Based on this assumption, field fluctuation can originate from the encapsulating singularity. Consequently, we may assume that the energy inside singularity is vibrant and is the origin for the fields in space-time (for example, electromagnetic field).

Zero Point Possesses Energy
Singularity by definition is zero size. There are many evidences that zero point contains energy. Casimir force and Lamb shift are proof for the presence of energy in point zero.

Casimir Effect

Every point of empty space contains electromagnetic waves and energy fluctuation

Casimir Effect- It is shown that two parallel and closely placed metal plates are under attractive force. This force is called Casimir effect after Hendrik Casimir who first proposed the existence of the force and formulated an experiment to detect it in 1948. This is how physics interpret this effect. There are electromagnetic(em) waves in the vacuum. The two metal plates interrupt the em wave propagation in the distance between them. The eliminated waves are the ones that have wave-lengths bigger than the distance between two plates. However the longer waves reappear and propagate at the other side. Therefore there are less energy fluctuating in between the plates than in the open space around them. This mismatch of energy creates an attractive force that keeps the plates together. The vacuum thus must contain energy fluctuation. in fact every point of empty space contains electromagnetic waves and energy fluctuation. Lamb Shift is another evidence of energy presence in vacuum.

If point zero contains energy, and if we consider how many zero points exist in the universe, we can appreciate the incredible amount of energy that can be derived or is being derived from point zero. Robert Forward⁴ at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California has shown in a paper that at least in principle we can extract the zero point energy to produce electricity.

Dr. Forward shows in his derivations that, when equations of quantum mechanics are used to determine the average energy (with a bracket on both sides of the E) of the vibrations of the atoms, the answer is: 

E = n (T) + hf/2. 

In a one dimensional harmonic oscillator, the energy levels are quantized. The formula for energy state is:

E_n = (n +1/2) h/2 p *w
E_n =n* h/2 p* w+ ½* h/2p w
w= 2 p f
E_n = n h/2 p* 2 p f + 1/2 * h/2 p* 2 p f
E_n = nhf + 1/2hf

Where n is the quantum number (photon number) and f is frequency of photon which is emitted by exited atom. In above formula, if temperature equals to zero the particles (electrons) have vibration at energy corresponding to the n = 0 state. Then at T = 0, n = 0 because the atom is not excited (it cannot emit any photon) therefore the value of energy in this case is:

E_n =0 + hf/2=hf/2 ⁴⁰

This is the lowest value of energy. Thus, even at zero temperature (or zero kinetic energy) quantum mechanics predicts that each of the atoms will still have an average residual energy (as we can see if we let n go to zero) there remains the hf/2. Physicists have been grappling with this for years because there appears to be an infinite amount of energy available if f is allowed to increase without limit. Ever since Casimir predicted it and various other scientists have verified it, this simple equation is really all that is underlying the theory of the Zero Points Fields and zero point fluctuation. The zero point field hypotheses suggest that there are infinite amount of energy in point zero.
Since Zero point energy (ZPE) was first introduced, many unexplained found explanation. The New Scientist Journal (July 1987) in an article named "Why Atoms Don't Collapse") gives an impressive endorsement of the importance of ZPE:

“There is a dynamic equilibrium in which the zero-point energy stabilizes the electron in a set ground-state orbit. It seems that the very stability of matter itself appears to depend on an underlying sea of electromagnetic zero-point energy.” ²¹

Both theory and experiment have shown that there is a non-thermal radiation in the vacuum and that it persists even if the temperature could be lowered to absolute zero. Therefore, it was simply called the “zero point” radiation. Further proof is evident, as Dr. Forward points out in his statement,

“When physicists cooled helium to within micro degrees of absolute zero it still remained a liquid! Only ZPE can account for the source of energy which is keeping helium from freezing.” ²¹

This issue has been re-addressed in a recent paper by the same author:
According to California institute for physics and Astrophysics

“It is shown that the electron can be seen as continually radiating away its energy as predicted by classical theory, but simultaneously absorbing a compensating amount of energy from the ever-present sea of zero-point energy in which the atom is immersed, and an assumed equilibrium between these two processes leads to the correct values for the parameters known to define the ground-state orbit. Thus the ground-state orbit is set by a dynamic equilibrium in which collapse of the state is prevented by the presence of the zero-point energy. The significance of this observation is that the very stability of matter itself appears to depend on the presence of the underlying sea of electromagnetic zero-point energy.” ²²

The common belief about the source of zero point energy is explained below:

“Historically there have been two schools of thought: Existence by fiat as part of the boundary conditions of the universe, or generation by the (quantum-fluctuation) motion of charged particles that constitute matter. A straightforward calculation of the latter possibility has recently been carried out by the author. It was assumed that zero-point fields drive particle motion, and that the sum of particle motions throughout the universe in turn generates the zero-point fields, in the form of a self-regenerating cosmological feedback cycle not unlike a cat chasing its own tail. This self-consistent approach yielded the known zero-point field distribution, thus indicating a dynamic-generation process for the zero-point fields.” ²² 

The latter concept attributes the zero point energy to the familiar matter particles that exist inside space-time. This kind of reasoning seems logical and objective and offers comfort. On the other hand, the thought of it coming from the boundaries of the universe exposes us to the unknown and scary realm beyond.  Therefore, most physicists would prefer to accept the matter origin for the source of zero point energy. Even if the zero point energy is introduced by quantum fluctuation, we would still need a source for that energy. Maybe we could presume a combination of both mechanisms.

Gravitational Force
Gravity of different stars and planets has been inserting constant force to curve space and time along their path, for billions of years. Applying constant force requires an immense amount of energy. Where does this energy come from?
One may ask how zero point is related to singularity. I will propose a kind of relation in the “Singularity and space-time” chapter, where I assert that we are exposed to singularity in each minuscule fabric of space (Planck Distance). The pores are the source for zero point energy leakage.
The researchers in California Institute for Physics and Astrophysics postulate that zero point energy and its related field are responsible for the acquisition of mass and inertia by the mass-less particles of the standard model (the model that lists and describes the subatomic particles).
The main objection for accepting the presence of the zero point fields is the fact that its effect has not been observed on electromagnetic radiation throughout space. If such a field exists in space-time, it should affect the cosmic or any other radiation wave. This is why some physicists prefer to consider the field a virtual field. I further assume that we point to singularity when we talk about virtual realm. Virtual particles are a basic element of physical theories like electromagnetism. They are present but not detectable within space-time domain. If we assume that zero point energy exists out of the boundaries of space-time the problem may find a solution. Then for the objective universe habitants this force will be virtual ad not detectable.
On Gravity chapter, I postulate a model where this out of space ZPE can originate the mass and inertia of particles.
And Last but not least, recent NASA observations reveal the presence of a non-zero Cosmological Constant (for explanation please check the flatness problem chapter). The non-zero cosmological constant is responsible for accelerated expansion of the world. According to NASA scientists and other astrophysicists the source of this non-zero amount may be the dark energy, which permeates in from empty space, separates the galaxies, and push them away from each other. Thus it is responsible for accelerating expansion of the world.

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)

I will wrap up this part with a concluding quote expressed by NASA after the non-zero cosmological constant was proved to be true by WMAP findings:
“Many cosmologists advocate reviving the cosmological constant term on theoretical grounds. Modern field theory associates this term with the energy density of the vacuum. For this energy density to be comparable to other forms of matter in the universe, it would require new physics: the addition of a cosmological constant term has profound implications for particle physics and our understanding of the fundamental forces of nature.”

Assumption S5: Singularity contains enormous amount of energy.

5) Information
A burst of energy was not the only factor that initiated our universe. There were also physical laws that guided and shaped the universe. These laws and information should have been present at the beginning, or nothing could form in the chaotic situation. Can’t I then conclude that information is also a property of singularity? And that this property had leaked into our universe at the time of the Big Bang?
As mentioned before, The concept of zero point energy proposes that there is energy available at zero point. The amount of this energy carried by sub-atomic particles is calculated as (1/2 h). Where h is the Planck Constant, which is equal to 6.64 * 10^-34 joule per second. Further on in this model we take the Planck Constant (h) as a minimum amount of energy delivered from singularity.
Following the above assumption, we may use the underneath equations to show how the information is delivered to space-time.  Planck's constant has dimensions of energy multiplied by time.
h = J.s (joule-seconds). On the other hand, h=E/f. denotes that the Planck constant has dimension of energy (E) divided by dimension of frequency (f).

F²) = M (L/T) ² = ML ² T ^-2
Df = 1/Dt = T^-1
Dh = DE/Df = ML² T ^-2 /T ^-1 = M L ² T^-1

Where M is mass dimension, L stands for distance dimension and T is dimension of time. Here we may conclude that the properties of mass, distance and time is included in (h), which means information about these basic elements is contained in minimum amount of energy (h) found in zero point. ⁴⁰
On the other hand, Above I have assumed that the energy in singularity is maximum. Energy always accompanies a field. The field contains information, so again this is another ground for the assumption that singularity contains information.

Universality of Information

Please note that in an empty infinite universe movement of one object does not have any meaning. Motion is relative to other objects. Even the spatial position of each object is relativistic. The question is, how can an object be aware of the presence of another remote body that is moving, compare to it? How are different objects aware of each other's presence?
Time is also relativistic. There must be universal time information in every minuscule of space so that the laws of physics can utilize it and act accordingly.
Where are the other laws of physics located? They are present everywhere. Therefore, these commandments should be the property of a media which is accessible throughout the universe. In this model I have assumed the singularity as the medium.

Black Holes and Information

http://www.wwu.edu/depts/skywise/a101_blackholes.html

By definition, black holes are formed by the collapse of big stars. The mass of a big star condenses to the point where it forms a singularity. This is how a black hole is created. The condensed mass generated from the collapse of the star creates such a huge gravity force, that nothing even light rays can escape from it. Please note that space, time, and matter are not the only elements that are swallowed by a black hole. Information about entering particles also pours into them.  There is actually a debate about where this information ends up after entering black holes.
Stephen Hawking believes that black holes evaporate by releasing energy (x-ray emission) till they get small enough to pop and disappear. The British mathematician Roger Penrose then questions the destiny of the information that had entered into the black hole's singularity. There are three possibilities. It is either lost or stored or returned back to space-time. Information cannot come back because, as we know, there are not a lot of variations of particles coming back to space-time during the evaporation of a black hole. Just the x-ray photons leave the disappearing black hole. Therefore, it is not likely that information is returning to space-time.
Roger Penrose favors the scenario that information is being lost. This is a more reasonable conclusion because the particles that enter the black hole singularity are destroyed and information has to disappear with them.
Then again, this violates the unitarity and conservation of information law. The first law of thermodynamics “conservation of mass and energy” can be extended to information as well. Therefore, the only remaining space-time solution is that information is stored in a nugget left behind after the black hole’s evaporation. But Roger Penrose asks what use this trapped information has if there is no particle to adopt it.
If we consider singularity as an informational pool, then it can store and save particles information.
Assumption S6: Singularity is the domain of infinite information potentials.
The above characteristics describe a kind of entity, which I suppose can exist outside of space-time universe. Singularity may not be the best name for this entity, because it may get confused with condensed mass singularity. On the other hand I cannot resist choosing it because otherwise, it perfectly describes the proposed entity. This singularity is not a pernicious one, because it does not contain ultra dense mass.

Departing from the Norm
So far, we have tried to follow physical laws to explain the proposed singularity. However, the result is something, which may not be familiar with the contemporary physics that we are accustomed to. On the other hand, departing from scientific norm, when evidence dictates it, is nothing new. That is what Einstein did. Quantum mechanics, which are dealing with building block particles of our physical universe, are also a big leap from classical physics.
Here, I would like to bring Kurt Godel’s philosophy of mathematics on his works on undecideability as an indication for the possibility of presence of entities beyond our space-time universe.

“There would always be mathematical statements that are true but can never be proved to be true from existing axioms. He envisaged these true statements as therefore already existing – out there – in a platonic domain, beyond our ken.” ⁷

Throughout this book, we will explore to see if the above definition of singularity can aid us in finding the solution for the unexplained paradoxes that exist in theoretical physics, and in the nature of consciousness.

Summary
In this view, we define singularity as a separate entity from the space-time universe. We have assumed that space-time universe exists and expands inside the proposed singularity. The singularity lacks space, time and matter and includes infinite amount of energy and information. I have further speculated that energy fields originate in singularity. moreover, In the next chapter I introduce subjectivity as another property of the singularity realm.
In following chapters, I will offer explanations for many unexplained phenomena in physics in the basis of proposed model and explore the mystery of mind and its relation to other elements of reality.
In order to regard this concept as more familiar and tangible, allow us now to explore the mind in the next chapter. We have to accept the mind as an inseparable part of our world. Abner Shimony agrees with Roger Penrose that mentality can be treated scientifically.⁵
Paul Davies states:

“I have come to the point of view that mind is conscious awareness of the world. It is not a meaningless and incidental quirk of nature, but absolutely fundamental facet of reality.” ⁵

Mind is the tool that we use to interpret and recognize the world around us. We need to study the nature of this tool before going any further.

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(1) Red words are linked to appropriate sites for further explanation.

The arguments presented are open for debate. The reader is encouraged to email his/her inputs to correct, modify or develop the contents. Please send your emails to; zpfields@yahoo.ca

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